A Neolithic settlement's defenses
Tell es-Sultan, the ancient mound of Jericho, contains the remains of one of the world's earliest towns. Around 10,000 years ago, during a period known as the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA), a permanent settlement developed here, fed by the nearby spring of 'Ain es-Sultan. The inhabitants lived in circular mud-brick houses, cultivated early forms of wheat and barley, and hunted wild animals. They also constructed a massive set of stone structures unprecedented for their time.
Archaeological excavations, notably those led by Kathleen Kenyon between 1952 and 1958, uncovered a stone wall and a large tower. Radiocarbon dating indicates the structures were built around 8000 BCE. The wall stands over 3.6 meters high and is 1.8 meters wide at its base, encircling the settlement. Inside this defensive perimeter is the Tower of Jericho, a conical structure 8.5 meters tall and nearly 9 meters in diameter at its base. Built from undressed stones without mortar, the tower contains a steep internal staircase of 22 steps. The construction would have required an estimated 100 people working for more than 100 days, suggesting a high degree of social organization.
A monumental mystery
The precise function of the wall and tower is a subject of scientific debate. The initial interpretation was that they were purely for military defense, making Jericho the world's first fortified city. This theory assumes the need to protect the town's resources and population from rival groups in the Jordan Valley.
Alternative hypotheses have emerged from further analysis. One theory suggests the wall was a defense against seasonal flash floods from the nearby wadis. The tower, in this view, would have been a watchtower for approaching water. Another compelling theory proposes a symbolic or astronomical purpose. Researchers have noted that on the summer solstice, the shadow of a nearby mountain aligns with the tower, which may have been a significant event for the community, showing a connection between their settlement and the cosmos. It may have also functioned as a sign of power and communal identity for one of humanity’s first urban experiments.