A changing landscape
Majuli is the world's largest inhabited river island, but its existence is precarious. At the beginning of the 20th century, the island's landmass was approximately 1,250 square kilometers. By 2014, that area had shrunk to 483 square kilometers. This constant erosion is a product of the island's location within the Brahmaputra, a braided river with multiple, shifting channels that carry immense volumes of water and sediment from the Himalayas. The island itself is composed of soft, unconsolidated alluvial soil, making its banks highly vulnerable to the river's powerful currents, especially during the monsoon season.
A single geological event dramatically accelerated the erosion. The 8.6 magnitude Assam–Tibet earthquake of 1950 triggered immense landslides upstream. This event dumped vast quantities of sediment into the Brahmaputra, raising its riverbed by several meters. The elevated riverbed reduced the channel's carrying capacity, intensifying the floods and the erosive force against Majuli's shores. Analysis of satellite imagery from recent decades allows for precise measurement of the land loss, showing a persistent and threatening reduction of the island's total area.
