A beautiful deception
The Calypso orchid, Calypso bulbosa, is a deceptive plant. Growing on the floor of cool, undisturbed northern forests, it produces a single, showy flower designed to attract pollinators, specifically bumblebees. The flower's pink-purple sepals and petals, combined with a slipper-shaped lower lip marked with darker spots and a tuft of yellow hairs, suggest an abundant nectar reward. This mimicry works, but only on inexperienced pollinators.
The orchid's flowering period is synchronized with the emergence of new queen bumblebees in the late spring. These naive bees, on their first foraging flights, are lured in by the flower's appearance and sweet scent. A bee lands on the slipper-like lip and investigates, finding no nectar. As it leaves, it brushes against the flower's column, inadvertently picking up the orchid's pollen sacs (pollinia). When this bee is fooled again by another Calypso, it deposits the pollen, completing the act of pollination. The bees learn this trick quickly and soon avoid the unrewarding flowers. This strategy means the orchid's reproductive success depends entirely on a continuous supply of uneducated young bees.
A life tied to the forest floor
Calypso bulbosa is the only species in its genus. Its name comes from the Greek nymph Calypso, who concealed Odysseus on her island, referring to the orchid's preference for sheltered, hidden spots in the woods. The plant itself is small, typically 8 to 20 cm tall, and consists of a few simple parts: an egg-shaped leaf, a fleshy underground corm, and the solitary flower. The leaf emerges in the autumn, stays green through the winter, and withers shortly after the plant flowers between March and June.
The orchid cannot survive on its own. It has a symbiotic relationship with mycorrhizal fungi in the soil. The orchid's seeds are almost microscopic and lack any food reserves, so they can only germinate with the help of these fungi, which provide essential nutrients. This deep connection to its fungal partners makes the Calypso orchid impossible to transplant from the wild; any attempt usually kills the plant. The plant's entire life, which rarely exceeds five years, is tied to the health of the forest's soil ecosystem. Two varieties are found in British Columbia: C. b. var. americana east of the Coast and Cascade Mountains, and C. b. var. occidentalis to the west.