The 117 English colonists who vanished from Roanoke Island between 1587 and 1590 probably did not disappear at all. Evidence suggests they joined local Croatoan communities, choosing integration with indigenous groups over struggling alone in an unfamiliar land.
John White, Public domain
The three-year delay
In August 1587, just a month after arriving on Roanoke Island, the 117 colonists persuaded their governor, John White, to return to England for more supplies. White's departure on August 27, 1587, was the last recorded contact with the colony. His planned short trip turned into a three-year ordeal. England's war with Spain and the looming threat of the Spanish Armada meant all available ships were seized for national defense, preventing his immediate return.
When White finally landed back on Roanoke Island on August 18, 1590—his granddaughter Virginia Dare's third birthday—he found the settlement dismantled and deserted. There were no signs of a struggle or burials. The houses had been taken down, not destroyed. The only clues were the letters "CRO" carved into one tree and the word "CROATOAN" on a palisade post. The colonists had agreed to carve their destination if they moved, and to add a Maltese cross if they were in distress. The absence of a cross suggested to White that they had left voluntarily.
Following the evidence
"Croatoan" was not a cryptic message. It was the name of a nearby island, now called Hatteras Island, and home to a friendly Algonquian tribe. The Croatoan leader, Manteo, had even traveled to England and was an ally of the colonists. White fully intended to sail to Croatoan to find his family and the other settlers, but a severe storm damaged his ships and forced the mission back to England. The 117 people were never formally searched for again.
For centuries, the story ended there. Modern archaeology, however, tells a different tale. Instead of a single "lost" group, evidence suggests the colonists split up. The First Colony Foundation has excavated two sites, dubbed "Site X" and "Site Y," about 55 miles inland in Bertie County, near the confluence of the Chowan River and Albemarle Sound. This location matches a symbol for a fort hidden under a patch on a map drawn by John White himself and aligns with the colonists' stated plan to move "50 miles into the maine."
At these sites, archaeologists unearthed English pottery known as Surrey-Hampshire Border ware, food storage jars, and part of a flintlock musket mixed with Native American artifacts. The finds suggest a small group of colonists lived there for some time. On Hatteras Island, other researchers have found English metalwork, tools, and a gold signet ring from the correct time period, indicating another group likely assimilated with the Croatoan people. The story of Roanoke is not a mysterious vanishment, but survival through integration.
💡Fun Facts
Virginia Dare, born August 18, 1587, was the first English child born in the Americas. She was Governor John White's granddaughter.
Governor White was an accomplished artist and cartographer; his watercolor paintings provide some of the earliest visual depictions of North American peoples, flora, and fauna.
The word "CROATOAN" was found carved into a wooden post, while the letters "CRO" were found on a separate tree.
One theory for the colony's relocation was a severe three-year drought that began in 1587, which would have made farming nearly impossible and strained relations with local tribes who also had limited food supplies.
The grounds of Fort Raleigh National Historic Site are open year-round, seven days a week, except for Christmas Day. The visitor center is open from 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m.
Admission
Free.
Accessibility
The visitor center is a one-story building. The site includes paved paths and nature trails like the Thomas Harriot Nature Trail, which is a 20-minute walk through the forest terrain.
