An Ice Age Laboratory
The Kaçkar Mountains, the highest range in the Pontic Alps, function as vertical islands in northeastern Turkey. During the cold stages of the Pleistocene Epoch, which began 2.6 million years ago, expansive glaciers sculpted the landscape, leaving behind U-shaped valleys and over 100 glacial lakes. These repeated glaciations isolated plant populations on the highest peaks—those extending above 3,000 meters (9,842 feet)—separating them from their relatives in the lower-elevation forests. This geographic separation on "sky islands" prevented gene flow, driving the evolution of new species in a process called allopatric speciation.
Today, the result is a remarkable concentration of unique plant life. The mountains host approximately 300 endemic vascular plant species. The geology of the range, primarily composed of granitic and volcanic rocks from the Alpine orogeny, creates a complex foundation for this biodiversity. The humid Black Sea climate provides abundant precipitation, exceeding 2,000 mm annually on the northern slopes, which supports everything from temperate rainforests at lower elevations to the specialized flora of the alpine meadows. Among the endemic species shaped by this environment are the bellflower Campanula troegerae and the bedstraw Galium mirum.