Isolated cave pools contain jellyfish that have lost their sting over thousands of years due to absence of predators, similar to but distinct from Palau's jellyfish lake. Convergent evolution of harmlessness.
An Evolutionary Laboratory
In the Sohoton Cove National Park on Bucas Grande Island, a network of limestone caves and secluded lagoons hides an example of rapid evolution. One of these lagoons, Tojoman Lagoon, hosts thousands of so-called "stingless" jellyfish. The primary species found here is the spotted jelly, Mastigias papua. These jellyfish exist in an environment largely free from natural predators.
Over many generations in this isolated sanctuary, the jellyfish's stinging cells, called nematocysts, have become greatly reduced. Developing and maintaining potent stingers requires significant metabolic energy. Without the evolutionary pressure of predation, natural selection favored individuals that conserved this energy. This process, known as regressive evolution, resulted in a population of jellyfish whose stings are too weak to be felt by human skin. The entrance to their protected world is a single cave tunnel, only accessible at low tide, which has kept the lagoon's ecosystem separate from the open sea.
Convergent Evolution and Symbiosis
Stingless jellyfish are not unique to the Philippines. A similar, more famous population of Mastigias papua exists in Jellyfish Lake in Palau. However, genetic studies show that the Sohoton and Palau populations evolved their harmlessness independently. They are distinct subspecies that, when faced with similar predator-free, isolated marine lake environments, followed the same evolutionary path. This shows convergent evolution, where unrelated populations develop similar traits.
These jellyfish are solar-powered. They have a symbiotic relationship with algae called zooxanthellae (Symbiodinium) living within their tissues. This is the same type of algae that lives inside corals. The jellyfish spend their days migrating across the lagoon, following the path of the sun to provide light for their algal partners to photosynthesize. The algae, in turn, provide the jellyfish with a substantial portion of its nutritional energy. The jellyfish supplement this by filter-feeding on small zooplankton, using not one central mouth, but numerous small mouth openings on their oral arms.
💡Fun Facts
The jellyfish populations can fluctuate, with the highest numbers typically seen between March and June.
The name "Tojoman" comes from the local word "tojom," which means sea urchin, as many sea urchins also cover the lagoon floor.
While the dominant species is the spotted jelly (*Mastigias papua*), some observers have also reported the moon jellyfish (*Aurelia aurita*).
The "stinglessness" is not absolute; the jellyfish still possess stinging cells (cnidocytes), but they have atrophied and are too weak to harm humans.
Tours generally run from 7:00 AM to 5:00 PM, but access to the caves and lagoons is strictly dependent on the tides.
Admission
A consolidated eco-tourism fee of around ₱800 (approx. $14 USD) per person is often included in tour packages, which can range from ₱2,300–₱3,100 per person.
Accessibility
The site is only accessible by boat. Reaching the Jellyfish Sanctuary requires transferring to a smaller, non-motorized paddle boat to protect the jellyfish. The tour involves swimming and navigating uneven, slippery rock surfaces.
Sohoton Cave Stingless JellyfishSurigao del Norte, Philippines