A Hunter's Toolkit, Hidden for Millennia
In 1924, archaeologists Llewellyn L. Loud and Mark Raymond Harrington were excavating a dry rock shelter in Nevada known as Lovelock Cave. The site had first come to the attention of scientists in 1912 after guano miners reported finding Indigenous artifacts. While digging in a storage pit, Loud and Harrington uncovered a carefully placed cache: a woven basket containing eleven remarkable duck decoys. They appeared to have been stored at the end of a hunting season by someone who simply never returned.
The arid conditions of the cave preserved the decoys in near-perfect condition for two millennia. Accelerator mass spectrometry dating, a technique that requires only tiny samples, placed their creation between roughly 300 BCE and 130 BCE. This makes them the oldest known duck decoys in the world. The find was so important that the tule duck decoy was named Nevada's official state artifact in 1995.
Artistry and Engineering in the Great Basin
The decoys are examples of efficient design, intended to lure canvasback ducks (Aythya valisineria). The ancient artisans, associated with a group archaeologists call the Lovelock Culture, gathered tule reeds (Scirpus validus), a type of bulrush common in the area's marshes. They bundled these stems, bending and tying them to form the buoyant, headless body of a duck.
The realism makes them exceptional. Eight of the decoys are finished works of art. The heads are shaped from separate bundles of tule, painted with red ochre and soot to mimic the canvasback's distinct coloration, and then attached to the body. To complete the illusion, the makers attached actual duck feathers to the body, tucking them under the tule bindings. The design was so effective that similar decoys are still made and used by Paiute and Shoshone tribal members today.
The cave itself was an important resource for the people who lived in this region. For thousands of years, it was a place for shelter and, more importantly, for storage. The dry interior preserved a vast collection of organic materials that show the daily lives of the Great Basin's inhabitants. Archaeologists have recovered over 10,000 artifacts from the cave, including complex baskets, fishing nets, and sandals woven from sagebrush. The decoys, though the most famous, are part of the history of a society that thrived in the wetlands that once dominated the Humboldt Sink.