A 370,000-year-old campsite
In a former travertine quarry near Bilzingsleben, Germany, lies the remnant of a lakeside encampment that is approximately 370,000 years old. The site, known as Steinrinne, has yielded an unusually detailed snapshot of life during the Holstein Interglacial period. Systematic excavations, which began in 1971 under the direction of Dietrich Mania, uncovered thousands of artifacts and fossils preserved in the fine-grained limestone. The hominins who lived here have been classified as Homo erectus bilzingslebenensis, and skull fragments from at least three individuals have been found.
The environment at the time was warmer and wetter than it is today, with an average annual temperature between 9° and 13° C. The area was a mixed woodland of oak, hazel, maple, and ash trees surrounding a lake. This habitat supported a wide range of animals. Fossil evidence shows the presence of straight-tusked elephants (Palaeoloxodon antiquus), rhinoceroses (Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis), aurochs, lions, and bears. The Homo erectus inhabitants hunted these large animals, but also smaller prey like beavers. Archaeologists also uncovered the bases of what may have been three circular dwelling structures and evidence for the controlled use of fire.