A King's Design, An Accidental Furnace
The city of Aranjuez, a former Royal Site of the Spanish Crown, experiences a pronounced urban heat island (UHI) effect, making its center up to 7°C warmer than the surrounding countryside. This temperature anomaly is caused by the city's historical design. The urban core, planned in the 16th century under Philip II and expanded by the Bourbon dynasty in the 18th, features large plazas, stone buildings, and wide avenues. These impervious surfaces, made of materials like asphalt and stone, absorb high amounts of solar radiation during the day.
At night, these materials slowly release the stored energy as thermal radiation, warming the air above them. This process creates a bubble of warm air that is the urban heat island. The effect is most noticeable after sunset when the surrounding rural areas, covered in vegetation, cool down much faster. Thermal imaging from remote sensing satellites confirms this phenomenon, showing the historic city center and paved areas as hotspots of retained heat. The temperature is lower in the cooler temperatures of the adjacent Tagus and Jarama rivers and the extensive royal gardens.