Messages in stone
On Bolshoi Zayatsky Island, a small patch of land in Russia's White Sea, lies the highest concentration of ancient stone labyrinths on Earth. The Solovetsky Archipelago contains 35 of these structures, known in local dialect as "vavilons" or "Babylons". Fourteen of the best-preserved examples are clustered within just 0.4 square kilometers on Bolshoi Zayatsky. These are not mazes with branching paths and dead ends. Instead, each is unicursal—a single, winding path that twists its way to a central point and back out again.
The builders used local boulders, typically 30-40 cm in diameter, to construct the coiled walls. The labyrinths vary in size, with the smallest measuring 6 meters across and the largest reaching a diameter of 25.4 meters. Many are formed by two intertwined spirals, a design compared to "two serpents with their heads in the middle looking at each other". The entrances mostly face south. Alongside the labyrinths, researchers have documented more than 850 other stone heaps and formations, including burial mounds and a stone arrangement with radial spokes, possibly representing the sun.