Southern Chile experiences the highest UV levels in populated areas when the Antarctic ozone hole drifts northward. Residents receive warnings to stay indoors on peak days.
Leonora (Ellie) Enking from East Preston, United Kingdom, CC BY-SA 2.0
A Front-Row Seat to Atmospheric Decay
Each austral spring, the city of Punta Arenas finds itself in a unique and hazardous position on the globe. As the Antarctic polar vortex wobbles, the thinned-out region of the stratosphere known as the Antarctic ozone hole can drift over this city of 130,000 people. This event exposes the population to sudden, sharp increases in ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation. The phenomenon began affecting the city after 1986, making it one of the first populated areas to experience the direct effects of the ozone hole.
Monitoring efforts in the city are extensive. The University of Magallanes' Atmospheric Research Laboratory (LIA) began systematic observations in 1992, starting an important data-gathering program. They use a Brewer spectrophotometer, an instrument that measures the total ozone column and UV spectral irradiance. This data helps with understanding the local effects of ozone depletion. On days with severe thinning, ozone levels have dropped to as low as 145 Dobson Units (DU), a 56% decrease from normal. For comparison, a healthy ozone layer is typically above 300 DU. These depletion events can cause levels of UV-B radiation at a wavelength of 297 nm to increase by up to 38 times.
The ozone depletion occurs with greatest efficiency at altitudes between 15 and 17 kilometers, where the ozone layer can sometimes vanish almost completely. This allows highly carcinogenic wavelengths around 300 nm to reach the surface with greater intensity, creating a serious public health concern.
Living with a UV Red Alert
The scientific monitoring in Punta Arenas translates directly into public warnings. The city has a public alert system, often described with colors like yellow, orange, and red, to inform residents of dangerous UV levels. During a red alert, which can occur when the UV Index (UVI) reaches 8 or 9, authorities recommend people stay indoors between 10:00 AM and 4:00 PM. Even on days with an orange alert (UVI of 7), pedestrians are advised to wear wide-brimmed hats, sunglasses, and use sunscreen with at least SPF 15.
These warnings are necessary because of the documented health impacts. A study covering the period from 1987 to 2000 found a significant increase in skin cancer cases in the region. Non-melanoma skin cancer rates rose by 46%, and the more dangerous cutaneous malignant melanoma increased by 56%. Episodes of severe sunburn also show a marked increase on days when the ozone hole passes overhead. For example, during the spring of 1999, a significant number of sunburn cases were recorded on weekends that coincided with low ozone levels.
While the Montreal Protocol of 1987 has successfully reduced the atmospheric concentration of ozone-depleting chemicals, the ozone hole is a persistent phenomenon. Scientists at the University of Magallanes have noted that its size and intensity can vary year to year due to stratospheric temperatures. This makes the continued monitoring in Punta Arenas a critical component of global atmospheric science and local public health.
💡Fun Facts
In 1987, NASA used Punta Arenas as a base for its Airborne Antarctic Ozone Expedition, which flew research aircraft directly into the polar vortex.
Data from this expedition produced the "smoking gun" plot, a graph showing the inverse relationship between chlorine monoxide and ozone concentrations that confirmed CFCs caused the ozone hole.
The downward trend of ozone levels over Punta Arenas has been measured at -1.2% per year for the month of October, nearly five times the global average.
During one event on October 17, 1994, the city experienced a 60% reduction in its overhead ozone layer.
The monitoring is conducted at a university research laboratory and is not open to the public for tours. Data and UV forecasts are made publicly available.
Admission
Free
Accessibility
The laboratory is part of the University of Magallanes campus.
